HJCAM - Ιατρική Ζώων Συντροφιάς

Contents from all issues of the Hellenic Journal of Companion Animal Medicine

Volume 11 Issue 2 - 2022

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Editorial

Complications in small animal soft tissue surgery

Lysimachos G. Papazoglou
Professor of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

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Research - Clinical study
Dimensions of normal feline kidneys using computed tomography

Natsiopoulos T. DVM, MRCVS,
Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, CB80UH, Cambridgeshire, UK
Tappin S. MA VetMB, CertSAM, Dip ECVIM-CA, FRCVS,
Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, CB80UH, Cambridgeshire, UK
Shing H. 3BVSc, MRCVS, GradCert (SAUA), MANZCVS (Small Animal Radiology),
Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, CB80UH, Cambridgeshire, UK
Mantis P. DVM, FHEA, DipECVDI, FRCVS,
Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, CB80UH, Cam- bridgeshire, UK

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Research - Clinical study
Prepubic urethrostomy in dogs:
a study of 7 cases (2000-2021)

Chioti E. DVM, MSc,
Companion Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Angelou V. DVM, MSc, PhD,
Companion Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Chatzimisios K. DVM, MSc, PhD, MRCVS,
Companion Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Papadopoulou P. DVM, PhD,
Companion Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Papazoglou L.G. DVM, PhD, MRCVS,
Companion Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

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Case report
The use of temporary colostomy for the management of rectal perforation associated with rectocutaneous fistulas in a dog

Svoronou M. Veterinarian, MSc
Dourdas G. Veterinarian, CSAVP/Soft Tissue Surgery
Totta E. Veterinarian, CertAVP, PgCert VPS
Liapis I. Veterinarian, Cert. Ophthalmology

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Review
Tumor ablation in veterinary oncology

Murphy K.R. Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Hay A.N. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Rossmeisl Jr. J.H. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Klahn S. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Vlaisavljevich E. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Tuohy J. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Davalos R.V. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA / Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA / Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Coutermarsh-Ott S. Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
Dervisis N.G. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA / Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, USA

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Review
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis, systemic review of the literature

Kouki Μ.Ι. Veterinarian, MSc, PhD, Private Practitioner

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Dimensions of normal feline kidneys using computed tomography

This is a single-centre, retrospective study aimed to determine the renal length, width, height, and the thickness of the renal cortex of normal functioning kidneys in a population of eleven domestic shorthair and three domestic longhair cats in the UK. A total of 14 cats, ten female neutered and four male neutered cats, with normal renal function were included in the study. The normal renal function was considered based on normal renal serum biochemical values, normal urine specific gravity (when available), and the absence of renal and other abdominal diseases. The mean pre-contrast dimensions of the right kidney were 3.99 ± 0.33 cm in length, 2.76 ± 0.33 cm in width, 2.31 ± 0.21cm in height, whereas those of the left kidney were 3.91 ± 0.34 cm, 2.79 ± 0.29 cm, 2.44 ± 0.20 cm, respectively. The mean post-contrast renal cortical thickness for the right kidney was 0.49 ± 0.13 cm and for the left 0.49 ± 0.14 cm. Additionally, the renal length (RK or LK) was compared with the length of the second lumbar vertebra (L2) and the abdominal aorta diameter (Ao). The mean RK/L2 and LK/L2 ratios were 2.29 ± 0.19 and 2.24 ± 0.18, respectively, and the mean RK/Ao and LK/Ao ratios were 10.25 ± 1.25 and 10.04 ± 1.22, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference identified in the measurements between the kidneys. This study provides references for the feline renal size. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the application of these reference values in the clinical practice.

Prepubic urethrostomy in dogs: a study of 7 cases (2000-2021)

Seven dogs belonging to different breeds, 6 males and 1 female, with a median age of 4 years, underwent prepubic urethrostomy for the treatment of traumatic rupture, stenosis, or obstruction of the urethra by calculi. The dogs presented with symptoms of stranguria and anuria. The diagnostic investigation included abdominal radiography and retrograde urethrography. The urethrostomy orifice ended laterally to the prepuce in 6 animals and in the midline, in 1 animal. Postoperative complications included hematuria, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection, peristomal dermatitis, and bladder atony. During a median postoperative follow-up of 4 years, 2 dogs died of other causes while the remaining animals are in very good clinical condition.

The use of temporary colostomy for the management of rectal perforation associated with rectocutaneous fistulas in a dog

Introduction: This report describes the use of a temporary end on colostomy to treat rectal perforation associated with rectocutaneous fistulas in a dog.
Description: The dog was presented with bite wounds in the perineal area. On physical examination an extensive cutaneous deficit in the perineal area and rectal perforation were identified. A primary repair of the rectal rupture was attempted and when dehiscence occurred, a temporary end on colostomy was performed to address fecal contamination of the wound. The wound was managed with tie over bandages until the formation of a healthy granulation bed, and reconstruction was performed with the use of a lateral caudal axial flap. Four months after surgery the perineal region had healed. The colostomy was closed and an end-to-end anastomosis of the colon was performed. One year after the final surgery, the dog showed no fecal incontinence.
Discussion: Perineal wounds are challenging and the use of a temporary colostomy provides fecal diversion and facilitates healing.

Tumor ablation in veterinary oncology

Cancer in companion animals remains the largest contributor to mortality, with cancer incidence increasing as companion animal longevity continues to improve. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are the main treatment modalities for cancer in veterinary medicine, but these therapies harbor significant limitations. As a result of the limitations of current treatment modalities, significant attention is being paid to the development of minimally-invasive therapeutics for the treatment of companion animal cancers in order to limit morbidity, improve tumor control, and prevent metastasis. In particular, energy-based tumor ablation represents an attractive means of minimally-invasively eradicating tumor tissue, via both thermal and nonthermal mechanisms. Herein, we explore the principles, methodology, and applications of various thermal and nonthermal ablation therapeutics in the treatment of cancer in companion animals. Specifically, we review thermal ablation modalities including cryoablation, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), laser ablation, micro-wave ablation, and radiofrequency ablation, as well as nonthermal ablation modalities including histotripsy, irreversible electroporation (IRE), and high-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE), and evaluate the clinical applications of each in small animal oncology.

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis, systemic review of the literature

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCG) is a particularly painful disease of the oral cavity of the cat. Affected cats exhibit erosive, ulcerative or hyperplastic lesions at any site of the mucosa that can be accompanied by other dental diseases. Feline gingivostomatitis should be differentiated by other inflammatory conditions of the mouth, such as other types of stomatitis or neoplasms. Aetiology remains elusive, but is considered to arise from an inappropriate immune response to antigenic stimulation. Feline calicivirus also seems to play a role. Therapeutically, various protocols with diverse results have been pursued. Immunosuppressive, immunomodulatory and antinflammatory agents have been tried in clinical practice. However, the clinical picture of cats affected by FCG, is impressively improved after extended extractions. Medical treatment should be adminis- tered concomitantly for extended periods, even for life in specific cases. Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCG) is a particularly painful disease of the oral cavity. It is characterized by extended inflammation of the mucosa and can be accompanied by other dental diseases. Feline chronic gingivostomatitis has been previously described as plasmacytic gingivitis-pharyngitis of the cat, plasmacytic stomatitis-pharyngitis, lymphocytic-plasmacytic gingivitis (Williams & Aller 1992), gingivitis-stomatitis-pharyngitis complex, chronic gingivitis-stomatitis (Diehl & Rosychuk 1993), and also as gingivostomatitis (Lyon 2005). The disease was originally described based on the infiltration of the oral mucosa by lymphocytes and plasmacytes as well as on the high concentration of γ-immunoglobulines in the blood of the affected animals (Johnessee & Huritz 1983). Modern literature describes the disease as feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCG) (Camy et al. 2010). Histological examination constitutes a useful diagnostic tool, but the characteristic clinical appearance combined with medical history should suffice for an accurate diagnosis.
Volume 11 Issue 1 - 2022

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Volume 10 Issue 2 - 2021

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Volume 10 Issue 1 - 2021

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Volume 9 Issue 2 - 2020

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Editorial
Companion Animal Ethics: a neglected field of bioethics

Chrysanthi Sardeli MD, PhD, Associate Professor

Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Laboratory for the Study of Medical Law and Bioethics, Faculty of Law, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, European Commission

Ioannis Savvas DVM, PhD, Professor

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Research Ethics & Deontology Committee, University of Ioannina

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Subtotal colectomy for the treatment of megacolon in cats

Vasileia Angelou DVM, MSc, Kyriakos Chatzimisios DVM, MSc, MRCVS, Tzeni Seltsa* DVM, MSc, Lysimachos Papazoglou DVM, PhD, MRCVS

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
*Veterinary Centre of West Thessaloniki

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Magnesium in veterinary clinical practice

Eirini Sarpekidou DVM, Athanasios Grammenopoulos DVM, George Kazakos DVM, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Surgical management of screw tail and vulva skin folds in dogs

Kyriakos Chatzimisios DVM, MSc, MRCVS, Vasileia Angelou DVM, MSc, Lysimachos Papazoglou DVM, PhD, MRCVS

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Remifentanil constant rate infusion reduces propofol and isoflurane requirements in spontaneously breathing dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery

Ioannis Savvas DVM, PhD, George Kazakos DVM, PhD, Tilemahos Anagnostou DVM, PhD, Nikitas Prassinos DVM, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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The use of epidural puncture pressure profile to identify the epidural space in cats

Eleni Elekidou DVM, MSc, Ioannis Savvas DVM, PhD, Alexia Bourgazli DVM, MSc, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Subtotal colectomy for the treatment of megacolon in cats

Megacolon is a disease characterized by colonic dilatation and hypomotility and can be acquired or congenital. Surgical treatment, including subtotal colectomy, is considered the treatment of choice in cats with episodes of constipation unresponsive to medical management. The aim of this review was to assess all studies of subtotal colectomy as the treatment of choice in cats with megacolon. A systematic literature search was performed using U.S National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Mendeley and Google Scholar databases to identify all studies reporting data on cats with megacolon where a subtotal colectomy was performed. From the 354 studies that were assessed for eligibility, 13 studies finally chosen reporting subtotal colectomy for treatment of megacolon in cats. All these studies were abstract- ed for the following data: demographics (age, sex), cause of megacolon (idiopathic or secondary), type of subtotal colectomy (colocolostomy, ileocolostomy, jejunocolostomy), technique of anastomosis (sutured or stapled), preservation of ileocolic junction, postoperative complications and outcomes. In conclusion this systematic review suggests that subtotal colectomy is a safe technique, with rare postoperative complications and is considered as the treatment of choice for idiopathic megacolon in cats.

Magnesium in veterinary clinical practice

Magnesium (Mg²⁺) is an intracellular cation with a pivotal role in multiple vital functions. Its systemic importance is a common subject of research in medicine, although in companion animals, clinical and experimental data are still limited. Mg²⁺ homeostasis is achieved through absorption and reabsorption by the intestine and kidneys, respectively. Mg²⁺ disorders have been associated with prolonged hospitalisation and higher mortality rates, with neurological and cardiovascular clinical signs prevailing at presentation. Hypermagnesaemia is rarely diagnosed in clinical practice and is associated with impaired renal function or excessive Mg²⁺ administration, commonly manifesting as diminished to absent tendon reflexes and hypotension. In contrast, Mg²⁺ deficiency occurs more frequently in clinical practice and is associated with underlying comorbidities. Hypomagnesaemia with or without other concurrent electrolyte disorders, may result in systemic hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias due to a disruption in myocardial action potential (depolarisation and repolarisation phase). Mg²⁺ deficiency can also account for epileptic seizures or tetanic contractions.
Objective measuring and interpreting Mg²⁺ concentration are difficult because of its intracellular localisation, when blood serum Mg²⁺ measurements are the only tests available for clinicians. New techniques have been developed and used in experimental studies, but they are not yet available in the clinical setting. The beneficial properties of Mg²⁺ salts could be used in systemic diseases, but their administration is often avoided due to ambiguity of concentration measurements. Nevertheless, adverse effects can be avoided with careful administration of Mg²⁺ in underlying disorders in which the ion’s contribution could lead to more successful results.

Surgical management of screw tail and vulva skin folds in dogs

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the surgical intervention for the treatment of tail and vulvar skin-fold dermatitis in dogs. Vulvar fold dermatitis occurs in older obese female spayed dogs or in younger dogs that have juvenile vulvar conformation, while screw tail (ingrown tail or corkscrew tail) is a condition encountered frequently in brachycephalic breeds. Lesions that have become refractory to conservative management necessitate surgical treatment.Episioplasty/vulvoplasty is used to remove the excess folds that surround the vulva, while with caudectomy the skin folds are removed along with the screw tail. Data concerning canine episioplasty and caudectomy were retrieved fromthe U.S. National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and the Google Scholar and Elsevier’s Scopus databases. All data were evaluated and only studies, relevant and meeting the inclusion criteriawere included for evaluation. Only a few of the 316 articles were related to canine intertriginous dermatitis, and only 4 retrospective studies onsurgical treatment of tail and vulvar skin foldswere retrieved. Complete resolution of preoperative clinical signs with minimal complications occurred following the recommended surgical treatment. Most of the dog owners were satisfied post-operatively. However, according to this review, more specifically targeted studies with further statistical analysis are required in order to verify this conclusion.

Remifentanil constant rate infusion reduces propofol and isoflurane requirements in spontaneously breathing dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery

Opioids are used in orthopaedic surgery in humans for their antinociceptive effects. Remifentanil has not been used in dogs extensively. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the sparing effects of remifentanil constant rate infusion on propofol and isoflurane, in spontaneously breathing dogs.
Fifty-four client-owned dogs, scheduled for orthopaedic surgery were premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg kg^-1 IM), pethidine (3 mg kg^-1 IM), and carprofen (4 mg kg^-1 IM). They were randomly allocated into two groups: Group R (n=37) received a bolus of remifentanil (3 μg kg^-1 ) followed by a constant rate infusion (0.4 μg kg^-1 min^-1 ). Group P (n=17) received normal saline at the same volume rates. Five minutes after the bolus administration of remifentanil, 0.5 mg kg^-1 propofol was administered, at incremental doses, to induce anaesthesia and the trachea was intubated. Isoflurane in 100% oxygen was used to maintain anaesthesia. During surgery, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, arterial saturation of haemoglobin, inspired and end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO₂), isoflurane and oxygen (O₂) concentrations, and respiratory rate were recorded every 5 min. For each dog, the area under the curve was calculated and standardized by the duration of anaesthesia for the end-tidal isoflurane concentrations and the end-tidal CO₂. The total propofol dose for induction was significantly (p<0.0005) lower [0.71 (0-1.5) mg kg^-1] in group R compared to group P [3 (0.5-8.7) mg kg^-1 ]. Group R required significantly (p<0.0005) less isoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia [ETiso 0.7% (0.3-1.1%)] compared to group P [1.3% (1.2-1.6%)].
Remifentanil administration may be a useful adjunct to propofol induction and isoflurane inhalant anaesthesia, providing analgesia and reduction of doses of these anaesthetics.

The use of epidural puncture pressure profile to identify the epidural space in cats

Ιn cats, the identification of the epidural space is challenging, because of its small size. The objective of this prospective clinical study was to investigate the presence of distinct epidural puncture pressure profiles that confirm the correct needle placement in the epidural space in cats.
Twenty-two female adult cats were used in the study, scheduled for ovariohysterectomy. Mean bodyweight was 3.37 kg (ranging from 2.5 to 4.5 kg). After lumbosacral epidural puncture, the epidural needle was connected to a pressure transducer and then to a computer, where the epidural puncture pressure profile was recorded. Then, local anaesthetic was administered through the epidural needle. Correct placement of the needle was evaluated by “lack of resistance to injection of saline” technique.
In 20 out of 22 animals (91%), epidural anaesthesia was proved to be effective. A pressure drop was recorded in 13 cats, in all of which epidural anaesthesia was successful. In the remaining 9 cats, the pressure drop was not clear, with many artefacts, while in two of them the epidural anaesthesia was not successful.
The presence of characteristic epidural puncture pressure profiles could confirm the correct needle placement in the epidural space and may be used in a clinical setting in cats.
Volume 9 Issue 1 - 2020

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Editorial
Small Animal Anaesthesia: Are we doing good (enough)?

Peter W. Kronen, DVM, Dipl ECVAA, Dr med vet

Veterinary Anaesthesia Services - International & Center for Applied Biomolecular Medicine, University of Zürich, Switzerland

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Food-associated toxicoses in dogs and cats

Elisavet Panagopoulou DVM, Ageliki Vorloka DVM, George Kazakos DVM, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Perioperative anaphylaxis in dogs and cats

Vasileia Angelou DVM, MSc, Dimitra Karatzia, George Kazakos DVM, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Perioperative management of rabbits and domestic rodents. Part one: sedation and anaesthesia

Panagiota Karamichali DVM, MSc, Kiriaki Ftergioti DVM, George Kazakos DVM, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Perioperative management of rabbits and domestic rodents. Part two: fluid therapy, monitoring, analgesia

Panagiota Karamichali DVM, MSc, Kiriaki Giamoustari DVM, Anastasia Komnenou DVM, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Systematic review of the prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux in brachycephalic dogs during anaesthesia

Giulia Polidoro DVM, Virginia Papageorgiou DVM, Emmanouela Sakkadaki DVM, Elisavet Panagopoulou DVM

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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The effect of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol on cardiovascular and respiratory system in cats

Konstantinos Varkoulis DVM, Kiriaki Pavlidou DVM, PhD, Ioannis Savvas DVM, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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An update on the anaesthetic management of gastric dilatation - volvulus in dogs

Kiriaki Pavlidou DVM, PhD, Georgios Polizois DVM, Ioannis Savvas DVM, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Aspiration of gastric contents following a gastro-oesophageal reflux episode during anaesthesia in a dog

Eugenia Flouraki* DVM, PhD, Ioannis Savvas DVM, PhD, George Kazakos DVM, PhD, Tilemahos Anagnostou DVM, PhD, Alexia Bourgazli DVM, MSc, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
*Current address: Surgery Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece

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Gastric dilatation during sedation in a Doberman with intranasal malignancy

Evmorfia Totta DVM, Kyriaki Pavlidou DVM, PhD, Ioannis Savvas DVM, PhD

Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Parasites and BARF: The raw truth

Elias Papadopoulos DVM, MSc, PhD, Dip. EVPC, Georgios Sioutas DVM

Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Food-associated toxicoses in dogs and cats

When toxic substances are ingested by a living organism, they may disrupt normal function, resulting in irreparable damage. Several types of food which are safely consumed by humans, can be proven highly dangerous if ingested by companion animals. Such foods are mainly chocolate, coffee, tea, onion, garlic, grapes, raisins, products containing xylitol, avocado, macadamia nuts and dough (ethanol). Each of the resulting food-associated toxicosis develop through a different aetiopathogenetic mechanism, has various consequences upon the affected organism, multiple clinical signs, and requires special management and treatment.

Perioperative management of rabbits and domestic rodents. Part one: sedation and anaesthesia

In this report the normal particular characteristics of each species are explained as well as the perioperative risks that may arise. Furthermore, the preanaesthetic management, potential anaesthetic protocols, and the selection of the appropriate anaesthetic regimen for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia are also described and finally the article is concluded with the principles of postoperative care. Only drug substances that are available in the Greek market to the veterinary clinicians are reported. The aim of this study is to minimise complications that may prove fatal during anaesthesia in a companion animal clinic.

Aspiration of gastric contents following a gastro-oesophageal reflux episode during anaesthesia in a dog

A 4-year-old, female, English bulldog, referred for elective surgery developed gastro-oesophageal reflux and gastric content regurgitation, soon after induction of anaesthesia. After the end of surgery, the oesophagus was flushed with saline 0.9% and the animal was treated with prokinetics, proton pump inhibitors and mucosal protectants. Radiographic evaluation of the thorax was consistent with aspiration pneumonia in the cranial lung lobes and the patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit. The dog was treated with antibiotics and oxygen administration. After three days the animal was discharged from the Intensive Care Unit, on the basis of normal clinical examination and blood gases. Two months later, the dog was clinically healthy without any symptoms of cough, dyspnoea or dysphagia. Despite proper preoperative fasting, aspiration of gastric contents and/or pharyngeal secretions may still occur intraoperatively, as long as tracheal intubation may not fully protect the lungs

Systematic review of the prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux in brachycephalic dogs during anaesthesia

The aim of this study was to assess whether brachycephalic dogs are more prone to develop gastro- esophageal reflux (GOR) during anaesthesia. Brachycephalic airway syndrome is a common pathologic condition that affects dogs with certain anatomical abnormalities of the upper airway. Specifically, brachycephalic dogs may present stenotic nares, hypoplastic trachea and other secondary changes such as everted laryngeal saccules, redundant oropharyngeal soft tissue and laryngeal collapse. These conditions increase the negative intrathoracic pressure and provoke GOR, which causes oesophagitis, oesophageal stenosis and aspiration pneumonia. However, during anaesthesia, many factors, like anaesthetic drugs or the patient’s body position, can increase the likelihood of GOR. Data were retrieved from the U.S. National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and the Mendeley databases. All data were evaluated and only articles, relevant and meeting the inclusion criteria, were kept for processing. The majority of 310 articles was related to GOR during anaesthesia in companion animals; some of them took into consideration such an event in dog population, but only two, recently published articles,considered the brachycephalic sub-population. According to these two articles, brachycephalic dogs (symptomatic or not) did not show a higher tendency to GOR during anaesthesia, in comparison to non-brachycephalic dogs. The prevalence of GOR in brachycephalic dogs is an issue that has drawn the attention of research in the last years. This systematic review suggests that, actually, there is not enough evidence to support an increased likelihood of GOR in brachycephalic dogs compared with non-brachycephalic ones, since more specifically targeted studies and a larger population must be examined, in order to allow such a conclusion.

Perioperative management of rabbits and domestic rodents. Part two: fluid therapy, monitoring, analgesia

The article describes the appropriate handling during the pre-anaesthetic physical examination, the administration of fluids, the monitoring of vital functions during surgery and finally the evaluation and management of perioperative pain in rabbits and domestics rodents.

The effect of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol on cardiovascular and respiratory system in cats

The combination of α2-adrenergic agonists with opioids provides good sedation and analgesia in clinical practice. Much lower doses of an α2-agonist may attain these effects when combined with opioids, because of the synergistic actions of the two agents. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review, which evaluates the cardiorespiratory effects of dexmedetomidine combined with butorphanol in cats. The authors searched for relevant literature in PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus using keywords. The exclusion of non-relevant studies to the topic under investigation lead to 9 eligible abstracts for critical evaluation. Studies, which did not evaluate two or more cardiorespiratory parameters, were excluded from the systematic review, resulting in two articles finally being included for analysis. The two studies were assessed for bias based on specific aspects. Specifically, the random sequence generation as well as the study design in regard to blindness of participants and objective outcome evaluation, were analysed. Both articles were categorized as of moderate/strong quality. Six factors were identified as influenced by this drug combination. These factors were: heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation (SpO₂), capillary refill time and colour of mucous membranes. The limitations of this study are the small sample size of the included articles and the inability to search published literature in languages other than English. All procedures in these studies were non-surgical. The combination of dexmedetomidine with butorphanol resulted in a decrease of heart rate and blood pressure. The respiratory rate was reduced significantly in one study but remained similar to the baseline in the other. Mean SpO_² did not differ significantly from baseline. Further studies are required in order to draw safe conclusions.

An update on the anaesthetic management of gastric dilatation - volvulus in dogs

Gastric dilatation - volvulus (GDV) is a complex and multifactorial condition that requires urgent treatment. The aim of this study is to assess the steps for the anaesthetic management of GDV in dogs. The first step of the GDV management is the stabilization of the patient, so that the surgery can be performed with the less possible risk. Resuscitation with isotonic crystalloid or colloid fluids in order to correct the electrolyte abnormalities, the administration of lidocaine or other antiarrhythmic drugs to treat ventricular arrhythmias and the administration of analgesics are essential in the treatment. Oxygen therapy is also needed. After stabilization, gastric decompression should be performed through an orogastric tube or by gastrocentesis. There are few drugs that can be used in the anaesthetic protocol, with minimal effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Electrolyte and acid-base disorders, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and haemodynamic changes must be closely monitored.

Gastric dilatation during sedation in a Doberman with intranasal malignancy

A 7–year–old Doberman pincher dog was presented for the second scheduled chemotherapy session due to intranasal squamous cell carcinoma. The dog was sedated with dexmedetomidine and butorphanol due to an aggressive behaviour. During sedation, the patient was presented with gastric dilatation which was confirmed radiographically. Emergency gastric decompression was performed and following the stabilization of the patient, chemotherapy was administered. The dog recovered uneventfully.

Perioperative anaphylaxis in dogs and cats

Anaphylaxis is a severe life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction, which can be triggered by exposure to a variety of antigens. In anaphylaxis, inflammatory mediators are released resulting in the onset of clinical signs. In small animal veterinary practice, the main clinical manifestations are observed in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, nervous system and eyes. This variety of clinical signs depends on the route of antigen exposure and on how abrupt the onset of clinical signs was. The diagnosis of anaphylaxis is not based on laboratory methods but on cautious observation of clinical signs and detailed history, which will assist in locating the initiating cause. However, identification of the initiating cause during the perioperative period can be particularly challenging (i.e. when a combination of drugs has been administered). Emergency treatment is frequently based on timely administration of adrenaline in the appropriate dose and by the appropriate route. Furthermore, supportive treatment may include the administration of antihistamines, corticosteroids and bronchodilators whereas oxygen and intravenous fluids are a mainstay of treatment especially when anaphylactic shock has already occurred. Prognosis depends on this variety of clinical signs and the time elapsed from the onset of symptoms to the initiation of treatment. Prevention is not only challenging but unattainable in a clinical setting, based only on allergen avoidance. Even though systemic anaphylaxis can prove fatal even within minutes, studies regarding this subject are scarce. Still nowadays, management of systemic anaphylaxis remains a challenge for the veterinary clinician.
Volume 8 Issue 2 - 2019

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Editorial
Evidence based medicine: new tool or new enemy?

Kiriaki Pavlidou, DVM, PhD HJCAM co-editor

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Cats are not small dogs, even in orthopaedics

Nikitas Ν. Prassinos DVM, PhD, Miltiadis Τ. Dentsas DVM, Androniki Α. Krystalli DVM
Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Femoral head and neck excision in dogs and cats

Androniki A. Krystalli¹ DVM, Nikitas N. Prassinos¹ DVM, PhD, Aikaterini I. Sideri² DVM, PhD
¹ Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
² Surgery Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece

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Αnal sacculectomy in dogs and cats

Ageliki Vorloka DVM, Vasilia Aggelou DVM, MSc, Kyros Chatzimisios DVM, MSc, Lysimachos G. Papazoglou DVM, PhD, MRCVS
Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Management of aural haematoma with Penrose drainage in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 53 cases (1996-2016)

Kyros Chadzimisios¹ DVM, MSc, Lysimachos G. Papazoglou¹ DVM, PhD, MRCVS, Vasiliki Tsioli² DVM, PhD, Vasilia Kouti DVM, PhD, Εleni Basdani³ DVM, PhD, Ourania Farmaki¹ DVM, PhD, Dip. ECVD, Tilemahos Anagnostou¹ DVM, PhD

¹ Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
² Surgery Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
³ Bessy’s Kleintierklinik, Regensdorf, Switzerland

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Perioperative arrhythmias in small animal patients with no heart disease

Eleni Prastiti DVM, Zoi Tzenetidou DVM, Christos Κoutinas DVM, PhD, George Kazakos DVM, PhD
Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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The measurement of trans-diaphragmatic pressure in critically ill dogs in the Intensive Care Unit: preliminary results

Kiriaki Pavlidou DVM, PhD, Ioannis Savvas DVM, PhD
Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Fibrinopurulent pericarditis in a Brittany spaniel dog

Sofia Gouzouma DVM, Vasileia Angelou DVM, MSc, Christos Koutinas DVM, PhD, Dimitra Psalla DVM, PhD, Kyriakos Chatzimisios DVM, MSc, MRCVS, Petros Biskas DVM, Lysimachos G. Papazoglou DVM, PhD, MRCVS
Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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A brief history of Greek veterinary surgery

Lysimachos G. Papazoglou DVM, PhD, MRCVS, Vasileia Angelou DVM, MSc
Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Corticosteroids in acute traumatic injury of the central nervous system

George Kazakos DVM, PhD, Eirini Sarpekidou DVM
Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Cats are not small dogs, even in orthopaedics

Musculoskeletal disorders in cats are less frequent compared to dogs. However, feline orthopaedics is nowadays an independent field, proving the words “cats are not small dogs”. As a matter of fact, between the two animal species there are several differences, (e.g. anatomical, functional), of which the clinician should be aware, and they should be taken into consideration in order to succeed in diagnosing and managing various orthopaedic conditions. The independent nature of the cat often leads to risky situations and for that reason most of feline orthopaedic disorders originate from trauma. The orthopaedic examination of cats is more difficult compared to dogs and for that reason diagnosing orthopaedic problems in cats can be challenging. In conclusion, there is a trend for most of feline orthopaedic problems to be managed conservatively, however treatment should be individualised for each case.

Femoral head and neck excision in dogs and cats

Femoral head and neck excision is a salvage surgical procedure performed in both dogs and cats. During this procedure the entire femoral head and part of the femoral neck are removed at an angle starting proximal to the greater trochanter and following a direction towards the central ridge of the lesser trochanter. This procedure is intended to alleviate pain in the coxofemoral joint, which is obtained through eliminating the abnormal friction of the articular surfaces and replacing the coxofemoral joint with a functional pseudarthrosis comprised of dense fibrous connective tissue. Remodelling of the acetabulum and the proximal part of the femoral shaft may continue for several years after the procedure.

Αnal sacculectomy in dogs and cats

Anal sac disorders are commonly encountered in dogs, but they are less frequent in cats. They include impaction, anal sacculitis, abscessation and neoplasia. Indications for anal sac surgical removal (anal sacculectomy) include chronic recurring anal sacculitis, chronic recurring inflammation due to impaction, abscessation and perianal fistula, anal sac neoplasia and additionally, anal furunculosis when the anal sacs are involved. Τhere is an open and closed surgical technique for anal sacculectomy. Post-surgical complications are more commonly encountered after the open surgical technique. The complication rate is low and the prognosis following surgery is very good.

Management of aural haematoma with Penrose drainage in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 53 cases (1996-2016)

The medical records of 53 dogs and cats with aural haematoma treated with Penrose drainage were retrospectively reviewed. Mean age of the dogs and the cats was 7.6 and 5 years respectively. Otitis externa was diagnosed in 23 dogs and 3 cats and skin disease including atopic dermatitis or pruritic dermatitis, associated with Sarcoptes scabiei, fleas, Malassezia spp. or dermatophytes was diagnosed in 11 dogs and 1 cat. Recurrence of haematoma following Penrose removal was reported in 7 dogs and 1 cat. Those animals were treated with placement of a new Penrose tube. Mild pinna thickening or poor ear carriage was diagnosed in 16 dogs and 2 cats. Cosmetic outcome of the pinna was rated by the owners as good in 26 dogs and 2 cats, as average in 20 dogs and 3 cats and as poor in 3 dogs. No signs of haematoma were reported after a follow-up time of 3.5 years for dogs and 4.5 years for cats.

Perioperative arrhythmias in small animal patients with no heart disease

Disorders of the heart rate are frequently observed in the perioperative period. Companion animals with cardiac or non-cardiac disorders, as well as healthy animals undergoing surgery may develop cardiac arrhythmias during the perianaesthetic period. Moreover, in specific surgical disorders affecting organs such as the spleen, the lower urinary tract and the canine gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome, perioperative cardiac arrhythmias may develop. Identification of the type of arrhythmia and recognition of the cause are based on the continuous monitoring, visual examination of the mucous membranes, peripheral pulse palpation, assessment of temperature, electrocardiography (ECG), capnography, pulse oximetry, and blood pressure measurement. Findings resulting from arrhythmias, including hypotension, dyspnoea, mucosal congestion, hypothermia, decreased level of consciousness, decreased urine output, and increased levels of lactic acid, are indicators of haemodynamic instability and necessitate immediate management of the underlying disorder and often simultaneous symptomatic treatment of the emerging arrhythmia. Moreover, in cases when clinical signs have not yet manifested but certain “critical” characteristics of arrhythmias are observed on the ECG, it is recommended to administer appropriate antiarrhythmic drugs in order to prevent the manifestation of clinical signs or even sudden death. The type (tachyarrhythmia, bradyarrhythmia) as well as the origin (supraventricular, ventricular) of the arrhythmia determine the selection of antiarrhythmics that are appropriate for each case.

The measurement of trans-diaphragmatic pressure in critically ill dogs in the Intensive Care Unit: preliminary results

Patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are frequently exhibit marked alterations in organ function. The ICU is fully equipped to monitor the critically ill patient and the respiratory function is one of the vital functions monitored. However, the respiratory muscles are poorly monitored in the ICU, although there is evidence that respiratory muscle dysfunction develops in critically ill patients and can cause respiratory failure. There are many available tools to monitor the respiratory muscle function both in humans and animals. The best indicator of diaphragmatic contractility seems to be the measurement of trans-diaphragmatic pressure (P_di) in medical and veterinary clinical practice. Trans-diaphragmatic pressure is the difference between the intra-gastric pressure (P_gast) and the intra-oesophageal pressure (P_oes). The measurements are made using two air-filled balloon catheters, which are placed in the midthird of the oesophagus and into the stomach. Although the technique of P_di measurement has been investigated in normal healthy dogs under general anaesthesia with the application of Mueller’s manoeuvre, the diaphragmatic function has not been studied in critically ill dogs in a non-fatigued diaphragm in a clinical setting. Twenty-seven client-owned dogs, status ASA II-IV, were enrolled in this cohort study. Trans-diaphragmatic pressure was measured with the application of the Mueller’s manoeuvre within the first 24 hours of hospitalization in the ICU under general anaesthesia. The mean±standard deviation of P_di was 11.2±5.7 mmHg and that of blood lactate concentration was 2.4±1.2 mmol L^-1. In conclusion, the technique of P_di measurement with balloon catheters can be successfully applied in dogs in the ICU. Trans-diaphragmatic pressure measurement can be a useful tool for the assessment of diaphragmatic function in critically ill dogs at admission and/or during their hospitalization in the ICU and its application seems to be feasible.

Fibrinopurulent pericarditis in a Brittany spaniel dog

A 6-year-old, sexually intact female Brittany spaniel dog was admitted for further investigation and treatment of anorexia and lethargy. Thoracic radiographs revealed a markedly globoid cardiac silhouette, compatible with pericardial effusion. Echocardiographic examination demonstrated a thickened pericardium and a large volume of effusion leading to cardiac tamponade. Cytology of the pericardial effusion obtained by pericardiocentesis was compatible with neutrophilic inflammation. Inoculation of the obtained fluid was negative. A subtotal pericardiectomy was performed under isoflurane anaesthesia. Histopathology of the excised pericardium was compatible with fibrinopurulent pericarditis. The exact cause of pericardial effusion could not be determined. Two years after surgery the dog was in good clinical condition and free of clinical signs. This is a unique case of fibrinopurulent pericarditis in a small breed dog with an unknown aetiology, that was successfully treated with pericardiectomy.

A brief history of Greek veterinary surgery

The origins of veterinary surgery in Greece can be traced in mid-20th century, when professor I. Vikelidis of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki organized and developed academic veterinary surgery. This article attempts to describe briefly and review historical, scientific developments and practices of Greek veterinary surgery in the 20th century.

Corticosteroids in acute traumatic injury of the central nervous system

Acute traumatic injury of the central nervous system, both of the spinal cord and the brain, can lead to permanent damage in both organs. Despite the theoretical benefits and the inclusion of corticosteroids in the management of such cases for many years, substantiated and clinical value from these drugs has not been identified thus far, therefore their usefulness has been questioned (Alderson & Roberts 1997).
Volume 8 Issue 1 - 2019

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I. Savvas, K. Pavlidou

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Canine oral neoplasms treated by surgical excision: Retrospective study of 63 cases
N.D. Tsimitris, M.Ι. Kouki, G.D. Brellou, L.G. Papazoglou, T. Slini, P. Papadopoulou, S.A. Papadimitriou

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Neoplasia of lacrimal gland origin in a dog and surgical management by transfrontal orbitotomy: A case report
I.K. Liapis, Ι. Panopoulos, D. Psalla

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Αnaesthesia for dogs and cats with liver disease
T. Αnagnostou, P. Κaramichali

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Oesophageal strictures associated with oral antibiotics in cats-a report of three cases
Β. Σταθοπούλου, Ι. Λιαπής

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Canine oral neoplasms treated by surgical excision Retrospective study of 63 cases

Medical records of 63 dogs admitted with oral neoplasms at the Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki over a 10-year-period (2005-2014) were reviewed. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the long-term outcome associated with curative-intent surgery, and the prevalence of the most common oral neoplasms in relation to the population characteristics of dogs presented at the clinic. Fifteen different types of neoplasms were recognised. The majority of the population was male adult, purebred dogs. Male predilection was found for fibrosarcomas, peripheral odontogenic fibromas, acanthomatous ameloblastomas, and oral papillomas.The most commonly occurring malignant neoplasms were malignant melanomas, fibrosarcomas, squamous cell carcinomas and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas. Τhe most frequently encountered benign neoplasms were canine acanthomatous ameloblastomas, peripheral odontogenic fibromas and viral papillomatosis. The majority of tumors occurred on the mandibular and maxillary gingiva. Bone invasion was radiographically observed in 65.71% of the cases. Regional lymph node metastasis was very common among malignant melanomas, but for the rest type of the tumours data is not sufficient. Mandibulectomy or maxillectomy were the treatment of choice for the malignant infiltrating types and for acanthomatous ameloblastomas. Complications were recorded in 34.9% of all cases and were classified either as major or minor. Local recurrence was mostly observed in fibrosarcomas. Curative-intent surgery was able to provide a sufficient cause specific survival, even though a large number of animals were initially presented with masses of substantial size, according to WHO staging.

Neoplasia of lacrimal gland origin in a dog and surgical management by transfrontal orbitotomy. A case report

The aim of the present report is to describe the clinical signs, diagnostic evaluation, surgical management and follow-up of a tumour of lacrimal gland origin in a dog. The dog was admitted due to mild exophthalmos and upper eyelid oedema. The physical and ultrasonographic examination of the eye, as well as the cytological examination findings of aspirate obtained with ultrasonographic guidance, led to the diagnosis of orbital neoplasia. During computed tomography of the orbit, it was revealed that the mass was located in the superorostral aspect of the orbit, in the anatomical location of the lacrimal gland. The mass was surgically excised via extensive transfrontal orbitotomy, as described by Hakansson. Histopathology of the mass revealed lacrimal gland adenoma. The dog remains asymptomatic 3 years after surgery. The primary tumours of the orbit are uncommon in dogs and lacrimal gland tumours are rare. In cases of timely diagnosis, surgical excision is the treatment of choice. The surgical techniques that provide extensive exposure of the orbit offer the possibility of excising these tumours in such a way as to preserve the integrity of the eye and optical nerve, thus ensuring that vision is maintained.

Αnaesthesia for dogs and cats with liver disease

Veterinarians sometimes face cases of animals with liver disease that they should anaesthetise to perform surgery unrelated to the liver disease. This can also occur in surgeries that is considered necessary to establish a diagnosis for the liver disease (e.g. liver biopsy) or surgery to treat the liver disease (e.g. partial hepatectomy, ligation of portosystemic shunt). After performance of surgery on an animal with liver disease has been decided, every effort must be made to stabilise the condition of the animal pre-operatively. Special attention must be paid to pathology stemming from the liver disease and potentially adversely affecting anaesthesia and surgery. With regard to the pre-anaesthetic medication and the anaesthetic protocol, use of drugs largely dependent on hepatic metabolism and elimination should be avoided. Furthermore, the fact that all central nervous system depressant drugs have an exaggerated effect, when administered to animals with hepatic dysfunction, should be taken into consideration. Almost all injectable anaesthetics are subject to hepatic metabolism and/or elimination, while the novel inhalant anaesthetics are not extensively metabolised by the liver. In high risk cases of animals with liver disease, the anaesthetic goal is to minimise the use of injectable anaesthetics, which are subject to hepatic metabolism, and to use inhalational anaesthetics for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia instead. Peri-operative analgesia for animals with liver disease undergoing surgery can be accomplished via the administration of opioids (a constant rate infusion of remifentanil is an excellent choice) or via the epidural administration of local anaesthetics and/ or preservative-free morphine. An epidural injection should be attempted only if potential bleeding disorders have been ruled out or treated.

Oesophageal strictures associated with oral antibiotics in cats. A report of three cases

Drug-induced oesophagitis (DO) resulting in benign oesophageal strictures (BOS) is a pathological condition with limited reports in cats, dogs and human in the literature. In this case series, three feline cases of oesophageal stricture subsequent to doxycycline, clindamycin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid administration are reported. In all cases, the predominant clinical signs included salivation, regurgitation of dry food and weight loss with normal appetite. Diagnosis was reached by standard or contrast-enhanced radiographic evaluation and confirmed by oesophagoscopy, during which typical oesophagitis lesions were absent. The stricture site in all three cases was located in the cranial intrathoracic oesophagus. Balloon dilation under endoscopic guidance was undertaken in order to resolve the BOS with a favourable outcome in two cats after 12 and 3 balloon dilation sessions respectively, performed at 3 to7-day intervals, whereas, in the third cat the severity of the stricture resulted in dilation failure and oesophageal perforation. The two cats remained asymptomatic for 4 years and 14 months respectively, while the third case was euthanised at the owner’s request. The present case series includes the first report of oesophageal stricture subsequent to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid administration and underlines the need for food or water consumption to follow any oral administration of medicines to cats. In addition, it is demonstrated that the number of balloon dilation sessions necessary to resolve the strictures may exceed what is commonly reported in the literature.
Volume 7 Issue 2 - 2018

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Serafim Ath. Papadimitriou

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Canine thyroid tumours: diagnosis and treatment
Prastiti Ε., Τzenetidou Ζ., Papazoglou L.G.

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Transpelvic urethrostomy in three cats
Dourdas G., Liapis I.

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Exposure of a cat to human-edible mushrooms: were they toxic?
Liatis T., Adamama – Moraitou K., Pardali D., Kavarnos I., Bates N., Rallis T.

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Anaesthesia in pregnant dogs and cats
Τompoulidou Ε., Ververidis H., Κazakos G.

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Canine thyroid tumours: diagnosis and treatment

Τhyroid neoplasia accounts for 1-3,8% of all canine tumours, and the most common types include adenoma and carcinoma, the latter being identified in 90% of cases. Exposure to radiation, iodine deficiency, hypothyroidism, or even genetic mutations, are included among the triggering factors. Benign adenomas are usually small and movable, without infiltration of surrounding tissues and the presence of metastasis. In contrast, carcinomas are larger, with extensive infiltrating tendencies, primarily in the lungs and regional lymph nodes. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs emerging due to compression of adjacent organs (oesophagus, trachea, larynx, pharynx), endocrine testing and diagnostic imaging. To reach a definitive diagnosis biopsies for histopathological examination need to be obtained, which will confirm the origin of the mass and will differentiate benign from malignant neoplastic tissue. In cases of thyroid adenoma, surgical excision of the tumour is the treatment of choice and leads to clinical cure. The treatment of choice and the prognosis for thyroid carcinoma depend on tumour size, the extent of infiltration of surrounding tissues, the presence of metastases and the possibility of using alternative treatments. Surgical management is indicated in cases of small and movable carcinomas or with superficial infiltration of surrounding tissues, but it is not recommended in cases of extensively infiltrative and fixed carcinomas.

Transpelvic urethrostomy in three cats

This study describes the application of transpelvic urethrostomy in three male, domestic, shorthair cats. Two male cats, aged one and three years old, presented with micturition disorders, due to stoma stenosis, following perineal urethrostomy, indicated to treat recurrent obstruction of the lower urinary tract. The first cat had undergone a second procedure to restore the stoma stricture. The third cat, aged three, presented with urethral obstruction attributed to lithiasis at the level of the bulbourethral glands, and was admitted with micturition inability, following a failed urinary catheterisation. Transpelvic urethrostomy was selected in all three cases, as this surgical technique allows urethrostomy to be performed approximately 1 centimetre anterior to the bulbourethral glands. Post-operatively, cat No 1 occasionally presented with urinary tract infections, treated with appropriate antimicrobial medication. Cat No 2 revealed pyuria and suppuration of the surgical wound, treated with the placement of a Foley catheter and appropriate antimicrobial medication. Cat No 3 was free of symptoms post-operatively. Stoma stenosis did not occur in any of the cases.

Exposure of a cat to human-edible mushrooms: were they toxic?

The owners of a 3-month-old female DSH cat witnessed her eating raw mushrooms of the species Boletus edulis, Boletus aereus and Amanita caesarea. These mushrooms are edible for humans and highly prized in various cuisines. Vomiting, hypersalivation, horizontal head oscillation and limb muscle tremor were developed within 6 hours. Two days later the cat was admitted due to depression and anorexia, while the neurologic signs had subsided. Dehydration, depression, lymphopenia, increased serum urea nitrogen concentration, proteinuria and bilirubinuria were detected. During the 5-day-hospitalisation period, treatment comprised of intravenous fluids, and per os vitamin E and hepatoprotectants (SAMe – vitamin Ε – vitamin C – silibinin complex). Due to mucohaemorrhagic diarrhoea present on the first day of hospitalisation, ampicillin and sucralfate were subsequently added. The kitten recovered completely a week later and was still healthy 8 months later. Mushrooms in general, are classified as edible or poisonous; the latter could be hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, nephrotoxic, gastroenterotoxic, muscarinic or coprinoid. This basic classification based on human experience may not apply to other species, and consequently “edible” mushroom species may be potentially toxic for animals. In addition, in many cases of mushroom ingestion in animals, the species involved remained unidentified. Thus, this case report describes presumed poisoning from three identified mushrooms, Boletus edulis, Boletus aereus and/or Amanita caesarea, which are considered edible for humans, but caused gastrointestinal, hepatic and neurologic signs in a cat. Prognosis in these cases may be favourable, if early supportive care is instituted.

Anaesthesia in pregnant dogs and cats

Anaesthesia during pregnancy in companion animals is necessary in cases of programmed or emergency Caesarean section or in cases when surgical intervention is required. During pregnancy, there are physiological changes in pregnant animals that should be taken into consideration during anaesthesia. These changes mainly affect the cardiovascular and respiratory system and influence to a lesser extent other systems, such as the digestive tract. In case of a Caesarean section, the preanaesthetic agents are usually either avoided or opioids are selected, although recent data support the use of alpha2-adrenergic agonists. Preparation for surgery occurs prior to the induction of anaesthesia, while oxygen is already being inhaled. The standard intravenous anaesthetics can be used for the induction of anaesthesia. In dogs, propofol is superior to thiopental, whereas etomidate is a very good choice in severely debilitated patients. For cats, the use of an α2-adrenergic agonist with ketamine is an adequate choice in order to ensure anaesthetic maintenance. The latter can be achieved in dogs with inhaled anaesthetic agents such as isoflurane, or with injectable anaesthetics like propofol. Epidural anaesthesia is a viable option in some cases. Postsurgical analgesia is based on opioids and/or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and it is necessary so that the mother can take care of the neonates. In cases where the pregnant animal undergoes anaesthesia for a non-obstetric surgical procedure, the risk of embryotoxicity must be prevented, e.g. by avoiding benzodiazepines during the first stages of pregnancy, and accurately assessing anaesthetic depth.
Volume 7 Issue 1 - 2018

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George Mantziaras

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Protein-losing enteropathy in the dog: a report of two clinical cases
Τrikoupi G., Τompoulidou Ε., Μazaraki Ν., Didagellou C., Lakafossi Ι.

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Study of the bacterial population of the duodenum and presence of bacteria in the bile of cats with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, cholangitis, pancreatitis, triaditis and small intestinal lymphoma, in comparison to healthy cats
Fragkou F.C., Dimitrakopoulou F., Αdamama-Moraitou Κ.Κ., Poutachidis T., Prassinos Ν.Ν., Κostantinidis Α.Ο., Κritsepi-Konstantinou Μ., Rallis Τ.S.

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Diagnostic dilemma: neurological or orthopaedic case?
Papageorgiou V., Prassinos Ν.Ν., Κazakos G.

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Canine anal furunculosis: is there a place for surgery?
Sakkadaki Ε., Farmaki R., Papazoglou L.G.

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Protein-losing enteropathy in the dog: a report of two clinical cases

Protein-losing Enteropathy (PLE) stems from multiple causes and it manifests as malabsorption syndrome. In the present report two canine cases of PLE are described, due to eosinophilic, lymphoplasmacytic enteritis and intestinal lymphangiectasia. History and physical examination findings included chronic intermittent diarrhoea, weight loss, subcutaneous oedema and ascites. Biochemistry revealed hypoalbuminaemia and hypoproteinaemia. Both cases underwent exploratory laparotomy in order for multiple histopathology samples from the small intestine to be collected. Treatment was administered in both cases for the primary cause. Response to treatment was satisfactory, despite complications due to long-term administration of medications. These specific cases are of particular interest due to comparatively long-term survival times and satisfactory clinical responses following initiation of treatment, despite the poor prognosis usually reported in the literature.

Study of the bacterial population of the duodenum and presence of bacteria in the bile of cats with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, cholangitis, pancreatitis, triaditis and small intestinal lymphoma, in comparison to healthy cats

The etiopathogenetic relationship between the intestinal flora and the presence of bacteria in bile in feline gastrointestinal disorders has not been studied previously. The aim of the study was the bacteriological analysis of duodenal juice and bile in cats with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cholangitis, pancreatitis, and their combinations (triaditis), as well as in cats with intestinal lymphoma. In this prospective study 49 sick cats were included, 45 (25 symptomatic, 20 asymptomatic) with histopathological evidence of IBD, and/or cholangitis, and/or pancreatitis and four with intestinal lymphoma, as well as eight healthy cats. Samples of duodenal juice and bile were collected during exploratory laparotomy and cultured under aerobic, anaerobic and microaerobic conditions in order to isolate, enumerate and identify bacteria following standard microbiological guidelines. Comparisons of the bacterial populations of the duodenum among the groups of cats of the study regarding the growth of aerobic (P=0,831), anaerobic (P=0,406) and the total population of bacteria (P=0,752) did not outline any statistically significant differences. A statistically significant difference was noted in cats with triaditis regarding the growth of anaerobic Clostridiumspp. (P=0,055). Τhe bile samples of the normal and most (48/49, 98%) of the sick cats were bacteriologically negative. However, growth of a strain of Enterobacter cloacae was noted in a bile sample of a cat with IBD and pancreatitis. Inflammatory disorders of the small intestine, the liver, and the pancreas are not related to bacterial growth in the bile. In order to confirm the possibility of triaditis being correlated with an overgrowth of anaerobic intestinal, such as Clostridium spp., further research using sensitive molecular diagnostics will be necessary.

Diagnostic dilemma: neurological or orthopaedic case?

A diagnostic dilemma commonly encountered by the clinician is whether the abnormal gait of a dog can be attributed to a neurological or an orthopaedic origin. In general, lameness is considered to result from orthopaedic disorders, whereas ataxia is expected to be neurological in origin. However, it is not uncommon to encounter cases with uncoordinated gait due to orthopaedic disorders (e.g. hip dysplasia) or lameness due to neurological disorders (e.g. nerve root signature). In order to solve this diagnostic riddle, the careful collection of data from the physical examination and, especially, from the orthopaedic and neurological examination, as well as from several diagnostic tests including imaging and electrophysiology testing are necessary.

Canine anal furunculosis: is there a place for surgery?

Anal furunculosis is a chronic progressive canine inflammatory disorder affecting the anus and the perianal region, resulting in ulcers and blind fistula in the skin and subcutaneous tissues of the perianal region. German shepherds are predisposed to this condition. The origins of the disorder are unknown but it can be immune- mediated. Treatment can be medical or surgical, but complete cure is uncommon. Medical treatment with immunomodulatory drugs, mostly cyclosporine or cyclosporine and ketoconazole usually provides satisfactory results. Surgical treatment is employed in cases with no response to medical management, due to increased cost or prolonged duration of the latter and includes complete anoplasty and simultaneous anal sacculectomy.
Volume 6 Issue 2 - 2017

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Timoleon Rallis

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Fractures of the mandible in cats. Retrospective study of 23 cases
Kleftouri S., Panagopoulou E., Kouki M.I., Papadimitriou S.A.

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Hypothermia in companion animals
Kleftouri S., Monastiridis A., Kazakos G.

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Osteoma of the mandible in a cat
Alexopoulou A., Kouki M.I., Papadopoulou P.L., Psalla D., Patsikas M.N., Papadimitriou S.A.

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Ovarian teratoma with inflammatory components in a bitch
Rabidi S., Papazoglou L.G., Brellou G.D., Patsikas M.N., Ververidis H., Papageorgiou V.

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Fractures of the mandible in cats. Retrospective study of 23 cases

Fractures of the mandible in cats often occur due to falls from heights, car accidents or human abuse. The current retrospective study describes 23 cases of feline mandibular fractures, which were treated at the Companion Animal Clinic, at the School of Veterinary Medicine of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, during 2008-2015. Young male animals were mostly affected. Eight fractures were caused by car accidents, one after falling from great height, one by human abuse and thirteen were of unknown cause. However, thirty-three fractures are discussed in total, as four cats exhibited multiple fractures. In particular, eleven fractures were located in the mandibular symphysis, seventeen in the rammus and five in the body of the mandible. Mandibular symphyseal separation was treated either with metal wire introduced circumferentially behind the canines or with a figure-of-eight wire placed intraorally between the canines, bonded with acrylic resin. Fractures of the body were repaired with wire, placed either interdentally reinforced with acrylic resin or intrabony combined with screws. Eighteen animals were hospitalised postoperatively. Finally, repetitive surgery was required in one case, while recovery was uncomplicated or minimally complicated for the rest.

Hypothermia in companion animals

Companion animals maintain their body temperature through thermoregulatory mechanisms located in the hypothalamus that stimulate the production or reduction of heat accordingly in the event of a sudden fall or increase in environmental temperature. Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature falls below 37.5οC. Young, aged, malnourished and small animals are more susceptible. Hypothermia can be caused by exposure to low ambient temperatures or through the disruption of thermoregulatory mechanisms due to various factors including surgical procedures, trauma, systemic disorders, drug administration etc. A drop in temperature results in a lower basal metabolic rate and abnormal function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary and central nervous systems, as well as acid-base balance and haemostasis. Bradycardia, hypotension, bradypnoea, pulmonary hypoventilation and deterioration of consciousness, shivering, hypovolaemia, electrolyte disorders, hyperglycaemia, as well as respiratory and metabolic acidosis are exhibited. Treatment includes rewarming therapy and stabilization via oxygen and fluid administration. The rewarming techniques may be external or internal. External passive techniques include wrapping the animal in blankets and heating its environment. Active external rewarming entails placing a heat source around the animal’s body, such as warm iv solution bags and heating pads, whereas active internal rewarming involves intravenous therapy of warm fluids and more invasive techniques such as abdominal or pleural lavage with warmed solutions.

Osteoma of the mandible in a cat

A seven-year-old cat was admitted due to dysphagia caused by a mandibular tumor. Upon examination, a round, non-painful, firm mass which was attached to the underlying bone was revealed. Radiography and computed tomography of the mandible were performed. The mass involved the area between the last premolar tooth and the angular process, up to the neck of the condyloid process. Based on the findings of the computed tomography, a tentative diagnosis of a peripheral osteoma was made. Caudal mandibulectomy was performed and the mass was excised en bloc. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of an osteoma. Recovery was uneventful; the animal was able to eat quite normally a week after surgery and is symptom-free one year later.

Ovarian teratoma with inflammatory components in a bitch

A 2-year-old female mixed breed dog was presented with a history of abdominal distention of 2 month duration. Physical examination revealed a non-painful firm abdominal mass. Diagnostic imaging demonstrated a mid-abdominal mass with numerous mineralized densities. An exploratory coeliotomy revealed a mass associated with the left ovary, which was removed through a complete ovariohysterectomy. Histopathological examination of the mass was compatible with a benign ovarian teratoma with inflammatory components. Three years after surgery the dog was reported to be well.
Volume 6 Issue 1 - 2017

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Vlemmas C. Ioannis

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Congenital esophageal diverticulum in a dog. A case report
Theochari F.-Αn., Τsikala Κ., Pardali D., Rallis Τ.

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Elbow hygroma in the dog. Which treatment works better
Kousi T., Angelou V. , Psalla D., Papazoglou L.G.

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Pleural effusion in the cat: a focus on laboratory diagnosis
Kritsepi-Konstantinou Maria, Tsouloufi Theodora K.

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Full-thickness mesh skin grafts in dogs and cats. Indications, pathophysiology of graft taking, surgical techniques and complications
Metzinkof L., Kampouri P., Kariki A., Papazoglou L.G.

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Congenital esophageal diverticulum in a dog. A case report

A rare case of congenital esophageal diverticulum in a male, intact, 2-month-old Yorkshire terrier is described in the present report. This is a congenital malformation of the esophageal wall that occurred during fetal development, resulting in incomplete formation of the lamina muscularis and, consequently, herniation of the esophageal wall and distension of the esophageal lumen. The main causes of admission included vomiting and regurgitation. This congenital defect was diagnosed based on esophageal endoscopy findings. Treatment was conservative and included the administration of metoclopramide and dietary guidelines.

Elbow hygroma in the dog. Which treatment works better

Elbow hygroma is a serous fluid accumulation over the olecranon caused by repetitive trauma in dogs lying on hard surfaces during housing. Diagnosis is made by physical examination and fi ne needle aspiration of the hygroma cavity. Treatment may be conservative or surgical. Padded bandages and soft bedding are provided for small hygromas until the formation of a callus. Surgical intervention in reserved for recurrent, large or complicated hygromas and includes drainage or surgical excision.

Pleural effusion in the cat: a focus on laboratory diagnosis

Pleural effusions constitute a common entity in feline medicine. Laboratory evaluation of pleural fluids remains the cornerstone of a proper diagnosis. Total nucleated cell count, total protein concentration and haematocrit values are the most important indices, which, along with cytological findings, are used for the classification of an effusion (transudate, modified transudate, exudate, haemorrhagic effusion). Occasionally, the biochemical examination of effusions is necessary in order to determine the presence of fluid of a more specific aetiology (chyle, feline infectious peritonitis effusions, septic exudates), while microbiological examination remains a standard procedure in suspected septic effusions. After having considered the obtained information, clinicians are usually able to understand the aetiology behind cavitary fluid accumulation and thus make the best therapeutic decision for the cat patient.

Full-thickness mesh skin grafts in dogs and cats. Indications, pathophysiology of graft taking, surgical techniques and complications

Skin grafts are comprised of the epidermis and dermis. They are harvested from the donor site and transported to the recipient site of the same animal where they undergo adhesion, osmotic fl ow of plasma into the graft (plasmatic imbibition), vascular anastomosis and revascularization in order to be accepted by the recipient site. Full- thickness mesh skin grafts are most commonly used in the veterinary clinical setting in both dogs and cats for the reconstruction of skin defects located mainly on the limbs, where other reconstruction methods are not available. Grafts are placed on skin defects with healthy granulation tissue or on surgical wounds with adequate blood perfusion. Survival of feline grafts is far superior to that of canine grafts.
Volume 5 Issue 2 - 2016

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Lykourgos Klamarias

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Effect of Enterococcus faecium SF68® (FortiFlora®) administration in dogs with antibiotic responsive or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth diarrhοea
Rallis T.S., Pardali D., Adamama-Moraitou K.K., Kavarnos I.

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The interpretation of erythrogram in dog and cat
Kritsepi-Konstantinou Maria, Oikonomidis Ioannis L.

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Simple acid-base disorders (management at the clinic without blood gas analysis)
Kyriakidou A., Kazakos G., Savvas I.

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The interpretation of leukogram in dog and cat
Kritsepi-Konstantinou Maria, Oikonomidis Ioannis L.

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Effect of Enterococcus faecium SF68® (FortiFlora®) administration in dogs with antibiotic responsive or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth diarrhοea

The objective of this study was to assess whether dogs suff ering from small intestinal diarrhoea due to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or antibiotic responsive diarrhoea would benefi t from a combination of Purina Veterinary Diets® EN Gastroenteric® Canine Formula and Purina Veterinary Diets® FortiFlora® Canine Probiotic Nutritional Supplement (Enterococcus faecium SF68®). The study involved twenty-six adult dogs presenting with symptoms compatible with chronic small intestinal diarrhoea that could not be attributed to any specifi c cause. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups: A (EN Gastroenteric plus FortiFlora sachet) and B (EN Gastroenteric plus placebo sachet). Reassessment of symptoms was scheduled every seven days over a 20-day period. Faeces were characterised based on their consistency. Biochemical and haematological parameters of all dogs participating in the study were within normal limits throughout the entire study period. During the fi rst week of the study, no statistically signifi cant diff erences were found between groups A and B in the characteristics of the diarrhoea. After a 14-day period, comparisons between groups showed that there was a statistically signifi cant diff erence (p = 0.0002) regarding resolution of diarrhoea in group A. During the third week of administration, group A maintained the positive outcome (p = 0.0001).

The interpretation of erythrogram in dog and cat

Εrythrogram is part of the complete blood count and includes the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, erythrocyte indices (mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration), red cell distribution width, the number and percentage of reticulocytes and erythrocyte morphology. Appropriate blood sampling and handling are essential for the validity of the erythrogram interpretation. Erythrogram major abnormalities are anemia, erythrocytosis/polycythemia, erythrocyte morphologic abnormalities and erythrocyte inclusions. Anemia can be either regenerative or nonregenerative. Regenerative anemia is divided into blood loss anemia and hemolytic anemia. Common causes of blood loss anemia are traumatic injuries and hemostatic disorders, while hemolytic anemia can be immune-mediated, microangiopathic, associated with Heinzbody formation or due to genetic defects of red blood cells. Nonregenerative anemia includes anemia of chronic disease, anemia of chronic renal failure, aplastic anemia and nutritional anemia. Erythrocytosis/polycythemia can be relative (hemoconcentration) or absolute, which is further divided into primary (polycythemia vera) and secondary. The appearance of abnormal erythrocytes can be either an artifact or associated with certain disorders. The erythrocyte inclusions are either of non-infectious origin, such as Howell-Jolly and Heinz bodies or related to infections, such as Babesia spp. and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp., the observation of which into the erythrocytes sets the defi nitive diagnosis of the relevant diseases.

Simple acid-base disorders (management at the clinic without blood gas analysis)

Acid-base balance is an important homeostatic mechanism that focuses on maintaining a constant concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluids and it is expressed by the negative base-10 logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration (pH). The normal ranges of pH are between 7.35 and 7.45. However, when the concentration of H+ rises, a decrease of pH is observed and this condition is called acidosis. Conversely, a decrease in concentration of H+ increases pH, a condition termed alkalosis. When the above disturbances are caused by a change in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2), they are defi ned as respiratory disturbances (respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis), whereas if caused by a change in the concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3), they are described as metabolic disturbances (metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis). It is often possible that a combination of two or more disorders may occur (mixed disorders). Typically, the diagnosis of acid-base disorders is based on the measurement of pH, partial pressure of CO2 and the concentration of HCO3 in an arterial blood sample. In cases where the above control is not possible, the diagnosis or suspicion of occurrence of an acid-base disorder is established on the fi ndings of the clinical examination and electronic monitoring of vital functions. Knowledge of the mechanism by which a disease can cause an acid-base disorder is of signifi cant assistance to the veterinarian. The detection of any acid-base disturbance leads to early and intensive treatment which aims to eliminate the cause of primary disease.

The interpretation of leukogram in dog and cat

Leukogram includes total and differential white blood cell counts, as well as leukocyte morphology. Appropriate blood sampling and handling are essential for the validity of the leukogram interpretation. Leukocytosis and leukopenia are associated with physiologic or pathologic conditions. From a clinical point of view, neutrophilia, neutropenia, lymphocytosis, lymphopenia, monocytosis and eosinophilia are considered the most important alterations in leukocyte numbers. Neutrophilia and monocytosis usually accompany infl ammatory diseases, but they are also observed in excess of steroids. Additionally, neutrophilia can be physiologic, as well as, lymphocytosis, which is further associated with chronic infl ammatory diseases. Eosinophilia typically occurs in hypersensitivity reactions and parasitisms. Neutropenia is mainly related to infectious diseases, while lymphopenia is usually steroid-induced or related to acute infectious diseases. Monocytopenia, eosinopenia, basophilia and basopenia have limited diagnostic signifi cance.Common morphologic changes of the leukocytes include the presence of immature, hypersegmented or toxic neutrophils, as well as reactive lymphocytes and various leukocyte inclusions. These may be of infectious origin, such as morulae of Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia ewingii or of non-infectious origin, such as siderotic inclusions.
Volume 5 Issue 1 - 2016

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Michael Chatzopoulos

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Chromatic pupillary light reflex and its application in small animal ophthalmology
Liapis I.K.

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Canine hip dysplasia. Part I: Aetiopathogenesis & diagnostic approach
Kyriazis A., Prassinos N.N.

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Diagnosis and surgical treatment of thymoma in the cat
Angelou V., Patsikas M.N., Psalla D., Papazoglou L.G.

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Chromatic pupillary light reflex and its application in small animal ophthalmology

The recent discovery of the existence in the retina of a third group of photosensitive cells, other than cones and rods, which have the capacity of stimulating the pupillary light reflex, has changed our knowledge of how the iris reacts to different wavelengths of light and introduced the concept of chromatic pupillary light reflex in eye examination. This is a test whereby the pupillary response is stimulated not by monochromatic white light, but successively by red and blue light, allowing the selective stimulation of photoreceptors. The chromatic pupillary light reflex is particularly useful in the diagnosis of sudden acquired retinal degeneration, progressive retinal atrophy, chorioretinopathies, retinal detachment, glaucoma, disorders of the optic nerve and optic chiasm and certain brain diseases that cause blindness.

Canine hip dysplasia. Part I: Aetiopathogenesis & diagnostic approach

Hip dysplasia in dogs is a multifactorial disease caused by hereditary and environmental factors. Most commonly seen among very young giant and chondrodystrophic breeds, it manifests as an abnormal development of the round ligament of the femoral head that leads to coxofemoral joint instability and (sub)luxation. The disease presents as hind limb lameness. In the young animal, this is due to pain caused by hyperextension of the soft tissues of the hip joint, whereas in adults it is caused by osteoarthritis resulting from the degenerative development of the disease. In addition to radiological examination, diagnosis is based on clinical signs and specific clinical trials in both the awake animal and the animal under deep sedation or/and general anaesthesia. Radiologic imaging requires several views, and findings are evaluated according to the animal’s age, stage of disease and clinical signs. The need for early assessment of hip dysplasia resulted in Prassinos N.N. the establishment of different classification systems according to radiological findings.

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of thymoma in the cat

Thymoma is a rare neoplasm seen in aged cats that derives from thymic epithelial cells and is usually located in the cranial mediastinum. Clinical signs include dyspnoea, coughing, anorexia, lethargy or regurgitation. Feline thymoma may also be associated with myasthenia gravis or exfoliative dermatitis. Diagnosis of the tumour is based on diagnostic imaging. Ultrasonography provides information concerning the consistency of the mass. The extent and invasiveness of the mass can only be determined by computed tomography. Cytologic examination can also facilitate diagnosis where thymic epithelial cells and small lymphocytes dominate. Surgery is the treatment of choice for feline thymomas with favourable results. Thymomas are approached through a median sternotomy or intercostal thoracotomy. Definite diagnosis of thymoma can only be confirmed by histopathologic examination. The prognosis of feline thymoma is favourable, providing it is not associated with paraneoplastic syndromes or metastatic disease.
Volume 4 Issue 2 - 2015

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Dr Benjamin Albalas

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Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum in cats
Chadzimisios Κ., Farmaki R., Papazoglou L.G.*

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Management of an extensive partial and full thickness skin burn in a dog with the aid of medical honey
Maravelis G., Voutsinou A., Tsampa N., Papazoglou L.G.

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Clinical and laboratory findings in canine chronic hepatitis
Konstantinidis A.O., Pardali D., Brellou G.D., Rallis T.S.

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Schirmer tear and fluorescein tests
Liapis I.Κ.

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Surgical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum in cats

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the nasal planum is a malignant neoplasm commonly seen in older cats. Long-term ultraviolet light exposure and light pigmentation or depigmentation and sparsely-haired skin are considered main risk factors for SCC. This tumour can be slowly progressive and locally invasive with a low rate of metastasis to the regional lymph nodes or lungs. Skin lesions are characterized by erythema, crusts, erosions or deep ulcers. Diagnosis is based on history and physical examination and can be confirmed by histopathological examination of the skin. Nosectomy is the recommended treatment for the invasive SCC. Prognosis is usually good to excellent with good cosmetic results in completely resected tumours.

Management of an extensive partial and full thickness skin burn in a dog with the aid of medical honey

A 9-year-old male mixed breed dog was admitted for the management of a partial and full thickness thermal burn that was covering 45% of his body including the dorsal, lateral and ventral thorax and abdomen, medial thigh and caudal elbow. Medical honey (L-Mesitran® soft) was applied to the burn area on a daily basis and dressed with absorbent pads resulting in complete healing by contraction and epithelialisation 35 days after initial admission. Medical honey may be used as an effective alternative for the treatment of extensive skin burns.

Clinical and laboratory findings in canine chronic hepatitis

Canine chronic hepatitis (CH) is a group of liver diseases, the causes of which are different and little known, with similar clinical presentation and laboratory findings but with differences in the histological findings, prognosis and treatment. The current prospective study concerns 19 cases of CH that were admitted, examined, diagnosed, treated and followed up at the Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, A.U.Th. between October 2012 and October 2014. During that period, 35 animals were admitted with clinical symptoms suggestive of liver disease. However, only 19 animals with histologically confirmed CH were included in the study. The majority of dogs were of mixed-breed with a mean age of 6.5 years. The most common symptoms included depression, anorexia and vomiting. Though observed in certain cases, disorders in the blood count were uncommon. The main laboratory finding was that of increased liver enzyme activity: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Histopathology revealed a varying degree of inflammation, mostly involving lymphocytes and plasma cells in every case, fibrosis in several cases and apoptosis and/or necrosis and regeneration in few cases. Finally, one case was characterized as copper-associated CH.
Volume 4 Issue 1 - 2015

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Lysimachos G Papazoglou

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Canine elbow dysplasia. Aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and current treatment recommendations
Danourdis A., Kladakis S., Leventogiannis V., Lionakis A.

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Tooth extractions in dogs and cats
Papadimitriou S.A., Dimanopoulou A., Avliotis G.

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Flavonoids as an adjunctive treatment for equine lymphoedema. Retrospective study of five cases
Diakakis N., Katrinaki V.

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Canine elbow dysplasia. Aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and current treatment recommendations

Elbow dysplasia is a condition that causes pain and lameness in large and giant breed dogs. Its origins are genetic and when combined with environmental factors, development of the elbow joint becomes abnormal. Originally, elbow osteochondrosis was considered to be the main cause of this condition. Modern studies claim that the condition, in most cases, is caused by various forms of incongruity between articular surfaces of the three joints forming the elbow. Treatment is surgical and should be performed before the development of osteoarthritic lesions in the joint. Multiple surgical techniques to correct this condition are described in the literature. In cases when radiological examination of the elbow joint reveals severe osteoarthritic lesions, the selection of surgical technique depends on lesion localization.

Tooth extractions in dogs and cats

Tooth problems are very common among small animals. The veterinarian encounters them frequently, and quite often has to suggest tooth extraction. Periodontal disease and tooth fractures are the most common indication for extraction, while clotting defects or other pathological conditions which may endanger the animal’s life are contraindications. Appropriate pre-anaesthetic control and regional anaesthesia and analgesia should be considered before the extractions. The veterinarian should use proper instruments and pieces of equipment for such procedures. There are two basic extraction techniques: namely, the open and the closed technique. The choice of either technique will depend on several factors. The most usual complications after extraction are root fractures, massive post operative bleeding and soft tissue trauma. Postoperatively, the animal should receive the appropriate analgesics, antimicrobials, recommendations concerning the animal’s diet and home dental care.

Flavonoids as an adjunctive treatment for equine lymphoedema. Retrospective study of five cases

Equine lymphoedema, a common pathologic condition characterized by lymph stasis, requires immediate treatment to ensure a positive outcome. Ascertaining the specific causative agent is not always possible. Despite typical signs of the syndrome, the complex pathogenesis impedes the establishment of an aetiologic treatment protocol. The use of flavonoids in human lymphoedema in recent years has provided the basis for their experimental use in equine lymphoedema. In this study, a treatment protocol for the management of lymphoedema was applied to five horses. The treatment, which included conservative measures, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial therapy as well as flavoinoids, provided encouraging results, indicating that flavonoids could be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of equine lymphoedema.
Volume 3 Issue 2 - 2014

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Ignatios Liapis

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Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis in Europe:
an emerging tick-borne infectious disease
Apostolidis Κ.Ν., Saridomichelakis Μ.Ν., Mylonakis Μ.Ε.

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Current views regarding hiatal hernia in dogs and cats
Katsianou I., Svoronou M., Papazoglou L.G.

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Pleural cavity puncture (Thoracocentisis) in the dog
Pardali Dimitra

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Thoracostomy tube placement
Anagnostou Tilemachos, Kostakis Charalampos

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Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis in Europe:
an emerging tick-borne infectious disease

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an intracellular, gram-negative aerobic bacterium, is the cause for granulocytic anaplasmosis in people, horses, dogs, cats, wolves, cattle and small ruminants. A. phagocytophilum mainly targets neutrophils and rarely eosinophilic granulocytes; in Europe it is transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus. A significant number of small mammals and deer comprise the reservoir for the microorganism in the wild. The majority of infected dogs remain asymptomatic, whereas those that develop clinical signs mostly present with non-specific signs like fever, depression or lethargy, anorexia and lameness. The most common laboratory finding of anaplasmosis is thrombocytopenia. Diagnosis is based on finding aggregates of the organism (morulae) in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, serological detection of specific antibodies and polymerase chain reaction. The treatment of choice is Doxycycline, administered per os at a dose of 5 mg/kg Β.W./12 hours for 2-4 weeks.

Current views regarding hiatal hernia in dogs and cats

Τhe cause and pathophysiology of hiatal hernia are not yet fully understood, but hiatal hernia seldom appears in dogs and is rarer in cats. Sliding hiatal hernia is the most common type to present in clinical practice. Chinese Shar-Pei dogs are predisposed to the development of this type of hernia. The majority of clinical signs are due to gastroesophageal reflux. Diagnosis is based on diagnostic imaging, and esophagoscopy may provide useful information. It can be managed medically and surgically. The aim of surgical treatment is the anatomical repair and stabilization of the hernia. Prognosis for patients with hiatal hernia is usually favorable
Volume 3 Issue 1 - 2014

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Michalis Hatzopoulos

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Update on the diagnosis and therapy of canine cruciate ligament rupture
Danourdis T.

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Obesity in dogs and cats: Discovering the enemy
Adamama - Moraitou K.K., Pardali D., Soubasis Ν.

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Spirocerca lupi-associated pyothorax in two dogs
Alatzas D.G., Brellou G.D., Psychas V., Papadopoulou P., Mylonakis M.E., Soubasis N., Rallis T.S.

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Update on the diagnosis and therapy of canine cruciate ligament rupture
Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is one of the most common canine orthopedic disorders, usually caused by progressive degeneration of unknown etiology. Rarely, it can be caused by trauma, similar to that which occurs in people. Diagnosing this condition requires a detailed history, observation of the dog and physical examination of the stifle joint. Two orthopedic examinations are mandatory: the cranial “drawer” sign and the tibial compression test. Radiographic evaluation of the stifle joint must always be included to differentiate it from other pathological conditions and, also, to receive information regarding the acute or chronic nature of the rupture. Treatment for cranial cruciate ligament rupture can be either conservative or surgical. A number of surgical techniques have been previously described in the literature; however, no study has yet conclusively proven that a single technique is better than any other. Because of this fact, technique selection has been a matter of debate among orthopedic veterinary surgeons.

Obesity in dogs and cats: Discovering the enemy

Obesity ranks as the most common nutritional disorder reaching epidemic proportions among dogs and cats, at least in the developed world. Caused by energy intake exceeding energy loss, it results in adipose tissue accumulation in the organism negatively affecting an individual’s health. The list of hormones, neurotransmitters and substances secreted by adipose tissue itself, proven to have an active part in body weight modulation, is extensive. Predisposing factors contributing to the appearance of this disease include age, gender, breed and living conditions. The most common conditions to be associated with obesity are osteoarthritis, diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory system, hypertension, hepatic lipidosis and type II diabetes mellitus. The evaluation and grading of obesity is based on the findings of observation and palpation of the animal, taking into consideration the predefined guidelines. The aim of any treatment plan applied in obesity management is the reduction of energy input and increase in output. This is mainly accomplished by reducing daily consumed calories and increasing physical activity. A fundamental requirement for successful management is that the owner understands the animal’s problem and is willing to cooperate with their veterinarian on a long-term basis. Finally, re-evaluation of body weight should occur at monthly intervals so that the dietary plan can be adjusted accordingly.

Spirocerca lupi-associated pyothorax in two dogs

Spirocerca lupi infection is an uncommon cause of pyothorax in the dog. In the present report, two cases of canine spirocercosis-associated pyothorax are described. Both cases demonstrated historical or clinical evidence of esophageal dysphagia, manifested as odynophagia and/or regurgitation, and one showed clinical findings suggestive of pleural effusion such as weakness, depression and muffled heart sounds. Thoracic radiography in the first case revealed pleural effusion and soft tissue opacity located at the caudodorsal aspect of the mediastinum, while S. lupi ova were found in fecal examination of both dogs. The first dog was euthanized at his owner’s request, while the second died suddenly during hospitalization. The definitive association between spirocercosis and pyothorax was established post mortem. These cases emphasize the importance of considering esophageal spirocercosis as a cause of canine pyothorax in highly endemic areas.
Volume 2 Issue 2 - 2013

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Harilaos Karatzas

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Retrospective study of 95 dogs with patellar luxation
Tsompanidou P., Prassinos Ν.N., Sideri Κ.Ι., Kazakos G.M., Tsimopoulos G.

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Drug Toxicities in Dogs and Cats
Saridomichelakis Μ.Ν.

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Τissue handling by the practitioner; from collection to submission of the sample to the histopathology lab
Psalla D.

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Nictitating membrane prolapse and eye tumefaction in a dog.
Liapis I.K.

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Corneal lesion in a dog
Liapis I.K.

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Retrospective study of 95 dogs with patellar luxation

The purpose of this study was the study of dogs with patellar luxation (PL) that were presented at the Companion Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece during 2004 - 2010. Ninety-five dogs were included in the study. Among the information derived from the clinical examination records were breed, age, body weight, clinical signs upon presentation, site and grade of luxation, type of treatment and outcome of the dogs. Statistical analysis revealed that PL is observed more frequently in mixed breed (27.4%), small sized (61%) and female (52.6%) dogs. Regarding purebred dogs, PL has been more frequently diagnosed in Yorkshire Terriers, Poodles and Chihuahuas. PL was mostly medial (84.1%), bilateral (56.3%) and congenital/developmental (100%). In addition, it was noticed that diagnosis mainly concerned young dogs, aged less than two years (50.5%) and the major complaint upon presentation was lameness (69.5%). The progress of dogs which were surgically treated was considered excellent by the majority of the owners (75%), while post-operative complications were rare and mainly related to the presence of osteosynthesis materials. According to the owners, the majority of the dogs that were treated conservatively, lameness did not occur (35%) or remained stable (45%).

Drug Toxicities in Dogs and Cats

Drug toxicities are relatively common in dogs and cats and they can be classified into type Α or predictable which are caused by the pharmacological or the intrinsic toxic effects of the responsible drug and into type Β or non-predictable that are unrelated to the above. The appearance of type A drug toxicities depends on multiple factors that are related to the affected animal, the dosage regimen and the simultaneous administration of other drugs. Clinical manifestations most commonly originate from organ systems where the responsible drug accumulates or those that are characterized by an increased metabolic rate. In contrast, type B drug toxicities commonly affect organs presenting suitable proteins that after coupling with the drug or its metabolites (haptens) form complete antigens or organs that trap circulating immune complexes. Drugs most commonly responsible for toxicities in dogs and cats include aminoglycosides, macrocyclic lactones (avermectins and milbemycins), pyrethroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, phenobarbital and diazepam.
Volume 2 Issue 1 - 2013

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White Line Disease:
Retrospective study of 56 cases
Diakakis N., Karagkouni V.

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Dermatologic emergencies in the dog and the cat
SaridomichelakisM.N.

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Vaginal smear cytological examination of the bitch
Haralabos Ververidis, Constantinos Boscos

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Jugular vein catheter placement. Indications & technique
Dimitra Pardali

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White Line Disease: Retrospective study of 56 cases

White Line Disease (W.L.D.) refers to hoof wall separation at the junction between the stratum medium and stratum internum of the epidermis that subsequently forms a cavity. This study included 56 horses with W.L.D. that were admitted to the Equine Unit, Companion Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki over the last 3 years. The cause of W.L.D. has been attributed to incorrect hot shoeing (overheated-dried out hoof) in 18 horses, overhydration of the hoof in 10 horses, dehydration of the hoof due to environmental factors in 6 horses, improper shoeing (“nail bind”- small or inappropriate horseshoe, contamination of nail holes) in 8 horses and combination of the above in 6 horses. Stall hygiene (stall bedding) and training ground were inappropriate in 48 cases. Disease affected the forelimbs, unilaterally or bilaterally in 39 (69.64%) horses and hindlimbs, unilaterally or bilaterally in 10 (17.85%) horses. In the remaining 7 (12.5%) horses forelimbs and hindlimbs were randomly affected. Therapeutically, debridement of the cavity, daily rinsing with aqueous solution eosin 2%, heart-bar shoe, biotin and rest were recommended. The majority of horses (91%) responded positively in the treatment protocol described above.

Dermatologic emergencies in the dog and the cat

Dermatologic emergencies are rare in clinical practice and most commonly have an acute onset. A canine or feline skin disease can become life-threatening because of sepsis and toxemia, loss of fluids, protein, and electrolytes and the simultaneous involvement of vital internal organs. Emergency skin diseases include bacterial cellulitis in dogs, necrotizing fasciitis in dogs and cats, toxic shock syndrome in dogs, subcutaneous and systemic fungal infections in dogs and cats, angioedema in dogs and cats, autoimmune skin diseases with extensive ulceration in dogs and cats, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in dogs and cats, vasculitis in dogs and cats, sterile postural erythroderma (superficial suppurative necrolytic dermatitis) of miniature Schnauzers, sulfonamide hypersensitivity syndrome in dogs, and sterile neutrophilic dermatosis (subcorneal and follicular neutrophilic pustular dermatitis or Sweet’s syndrome) in dogs. The diagnosis of these diseases is based on history, clinical signs and the results of various laboratory examinations (cytologic, microbiologic, histopathologic etc.). However, in addition to the definitive diagnosis of the skin disease itself, clinical and laboratory (complete blood count, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, coagulation profile etc.) examinations for potential systemic complications are also important. Treatment should begin as soon as possible and includes the general supportive measures applicable to all emergency cases and the specific treatment of the skin disease.
Volume 1 Issue 2 - 2012

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Peripheral nerve damage in companion animals
Anatolitou A., Kazakos G., Prasinos N.N.

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Traumatic brain injury in the dog and cat
Kantere M., Tsompanidou P., Kazakos G.M.

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Peripheral nerve damage in companion animals

Peripheral nerve damage can occur as a consequence of accidental or iatrogenic injury caused by sharp or blunt trauma. Damage to peripheral nerves often accompanies orthopedic injuries (e.g. fracture, dislocation) and of particular clinical importance is considered the damage to nerves of the limbs. The mechanism of nerve degeneration and regeneration after nerve injury is complex. Failure of nerve restoration of normal function and the emergence of complications may both lead to permanent disability. Knowledge of pathophysiology and regeneration process is considered fundamental for the clinician, because clinical symptoms can be interpreted more accurately. Serial physical examinations and electrophysiology studies can be used to evaluate the prognosis and the suitable method of treatment. In many cases surgical exploration of the affected area can provide accurate prognostic information. Regardless of the treatment method chosen, recovery progresses relatively slow. The owner should be informed about the increased nursing care requirements involved in those cases, because his collaboration is considered essential in their management.

Traumatic brain injury in the dog and cat

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent occurrence in dogs and cats and it is mainly caused by motor vehicle accident, fall, human violent acts and attacks from other animals. Damages in TBI are divided in primary and secondary. Primary damages take place immediately as a result of the direct mechanical destruction of the neural tissue at the time of trauma, while secondary brain damages occur within a few minutes or days following the traumatic event and they are caused by systemic extracranial injuries and intracranial biochemical alterations. Initial assessment of an animal with TBI is focused on the life-threatening injuries and it is followed by the performance of neurologic examination. It is difficult for the clinician to control primary brain damage. Treatment efforts must start immediately and their aim is to stabilize the animal, prevent and treat the secondary brain damages. At first general measures are taken to restore and maintain brain oxygenation. This is achieved by supporting the circulatory system with fluids and by oxygen supplementation. The aim of instituting specific measures is to minimize the brain injury. TBI is associated with high mortality rates in both humans and animals. However, dogs and cats exhibit remarkable rehabilitation ability, provided that extended follow up is granted after a severe brain trauma. For this reason, it is strongly recommended to not infer hasty conclusions about prognosis based on the initial status of an animal presented with TBI.
Volume 1 Issue 1 - 2012

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Aetiopathogenesis and consequences of chronic feline kidney disease: Improving by understanding
Adamama-Moraitou K. K. ,Rallis T. S.

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Clinical signs of corneal lesions in dog and cat
Liapis I. K. DVM.

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Aetiopathogenesis and consequences of chronic feline kidney disease: Improving by understanding

Feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by irreversible structural lesions of the kidneys and may lead to chronic renal failure (CRF), which eventually results in accumulation of metabolic toxins and dysregulation of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. CKD mainly affects geriatric cats. In the majority of animals the initiating factor of CKD remains unclear. Idiopathic, familial, congenital, inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic causes have been suggested. Once lesions have adequately progressed, the condition is generally self-perpetuated. The main clinical signs are anorexia, weight loss, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Early diagnosis of CKD is crucial. Anaemia, azotaemia, hyperphosphataemia, and hypokalaemia may be detected by laboratory examination. Radiology and ultrasonography of the abdominal cavity may contribute to identification of the initiating factor. Renal histopathology may aid in diagnosing the primary cause. Consequences of CKD are multisystemic and include arterial hypertension, renal secondary hyperparathyroidism, anaemia, gastrointestinal complications, and acid-base and diverse electrolyte disturbances.

Clinical signs of corneal lesions in dog and cat

Corneal damage in dog and cat can alter its clarity and transparency in light, which are essential for its function. Corneal lesions include edema, neovascularisation, pigmentation, microcrystal depositions, ulceration, inflammation or regenerative tissue formation, scar formation and finally those involving its size and curvature. This lesion may occur solely or in conjunction and may be caused by corneal, other ophthalmic or systemic diseases. In this study the above mentioned corneal lesions of the dog and cat are extensively reported and described.

Contents

Volume 11 Issue 2 - 2022

Editorial

Volume 11 Issue 1 - 2022

Volume 10 Issue 2 - 2021

Volume 10 Issue 1 - 2021

Volume 9 Issue 2 - 2020

Volume 9 Issue 1 - 2020

Volume 8 Issue 2 - 2019

Volume 8 Issue 1 - 2019

Volume 7 Issue 2 - 2018

Volume 7 Issue 1 - 2018

Volume 6 Issue 2 - 2017

Volume 6 Issue 1 - 2017

Volume 5 Issue 2 - 2016

Volume 5 Issue 1 - 2016

Volume 4 Issue 2 - 2015

Volume 4 Issue 1 - 2015

Volume 3 Issue 2 - 2014

Volume 3 Issue 1 - 2014

Volume 2 Issue 2 - 2013

Volume 2 Issue 1 - 2013

Volume 1 Issue 2 - 2012

Volume 1 Issue 1 - 2012

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